For me medium is the message or shape of the message because through medium we can see ther message or the image itself is the message.

For well over half a century, educators have been concerned about choosing the appropriate media to deliver an instructional message. A human being should not be wasted in doing what forty sheets of paper or two phonographs can do just because personal teaching is precious and can do what books and apparatus cannot, it should be saved for its peculiar work.

Concerns that points out that educators throughout the world expend a great deal of effort attempting to choose the appropriate media to use in particular instructional situations.

It lies within the social contructivist paradigm since small groups work together to understand and solve realistic problems. It closely related to the goal-based scenario model.

In my own idea…this theory is more applicable to the young learners because they learned more in a small groups work

2. Cognitive Flexibility

“as content increases in complexity and ill-structureness, increasingly greater amounts of important information are lost with linear approaches and the unidementionality of organization that typically accompanied them.

History,medicine, law, literary interpretation and teacher education are prime targets for flexible instruction, in part because learners must apply what they have learned to novel and unique situations.

3. Constructivist

It refers to the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves- each learner individually and socially constructs meaning- as he or she learns.

So constructing meaning is a learning because learners gave their own idea or they decide about the information.

4. Diffusion Innovations

It is a theory of how, why and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures.

Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. Diffusion is a a special type of communication concerned with the spread of messages that are perceived as new ideas. Innovation “an idea perceived as new by the individual”

It means that learners can percieved idea as a new application.

5. Distributed Cognition

It is a branch of cognitive science that proposes cognition and knowledge are not confined to an individual; rather, it is distributed across objects, individuals, artefact and tools in the environment.

It means that it focusses not only by an individual but to all the learners that suited for that information.

6. Dual-Coding

It attempts to give equal weight to verbal and non-verbal processing. It established of general cognition that has been directly applied to literacy.

It means that through visual and auditory every students has limited in the information that can process a time.

7. Elaboration Theory

It means that for the learners that wanted the instruction to be taught from simple to complex in order for them to know what is their ideas about a certain topic. Organizing structure determines a simple organizing structure for the courses which reflects the courses primary focus. Simple to complex sequence are design the course proceeding through the identified structure to a simple to complex fashion with supporting content added within lessons.

8. Experiential Theory

Learning from experience by yourself might be called “nature’s way of learning”. It is “education that occurs as a direct participation in the events of life”. It includes learning that comes about through reflection on everyday experiences. An experiential educator’s role is to organize and facilitate direct experiences of phenomenon under the assumption that this will lead to meaningful and long-lasting learning.

9. Multiple Intelligences Theory

The seven main forms of intelligences are linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. It means that every learners should identified by the teachers so that the teacher will know which they are prefer to learns and which way thay are the best.

10. Script Theory

It defined as a sequence of events linked by the regards of human beings emotional responses to stimuli as falling into categories triggered during the experiences of these events.

11. Situated Cognition Theory

It means the notion of learning knowledge and skills in contexts that reflect the way they will be used in real life. It encourages educators to immerse learners in an environment that approximates as closely as possible context in which their new ideas and behaviors will be applied.

12. Social Constructivism Theory

It means that it emphasizes the collaborative nature of much learning. it was the process by which learners were integrated into a knowledge community.

13 Symbol System Theory

It explained the effects of media on learning. the meaning extracted from a given medium depends upon the learner. Thus, a person may acquire information about a subject they are familiar with equally well from different media but be significantly influenced  by different for information.